(v) How many eggs can a single fruit fly lay? Union soldiers who tried to warn Hooker that Lee was on the offensive were dismissed as cowards. How? Separating out these reciprocal effects is extremely difficult. Refer to the central and main ideas of the original piece. With a few more injections, the man recovered completely! Enhance social identities and their power. And then I look forward to the rain, because the rain brings with it a cold front, which offers a reprieve admittedly one that is all too short from the torture of hot and humid days. However, not withstanding these superficial effects, research shows that the relationship between smoking and memory loss is strongest in people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes each day and this is not specific to the socio-economic status, gender and a range of associated medical condition. Some well-known organizations have found that they unwisely abandoned a culture that had proven successful in the past. Another way is to use a scenario analysis procedure, in which respondents report the extent to which written scenarios are indicative of their own organization's culture (Ouchi and Johnson; 1978; O'Reilly, 1983; Denison, 1990; Cameron and Freeman, 1991; Quinn and Spreitzer, 1991). In terms of the two examples given above, the new management principles people subscribed. Be concise: a summary should not be equal in length to the original text. (ii) Why did Hooker lose the battle? Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key to a locked door. Deflect attention away from solving problems. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Despite severe profit erosion and an environment that trumpeted the value of downsizing and head count reductions, H-P maintained the culture during the 1970s and 1980s that had been created by its founders, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. (a) Give the meaning of each of the following words as used in the passage. been associated with subcultural forms that are clearly counter to those espoused by the Academy. Some people use pesticide sprays on the fruit flies. Identification involves the linking of one's self-concept with membership in a culture. Poor consumers mulling a $100 investment need to be sure that their purchase will be robust. As a child, I would wake up to rainy summer days and come close to crying. (c) In not more than 50 words, discuss how aluminium foils are used for various purposes. 6. The limits of empirical evidence to date make us dependent on theory to suggest which levels of culture might matter most for the performance of employees and organizations and to specify how cultures affect that performance. Cultures are inherently fuzzy in that they incorporate contradictions, paradoxes, ambiguities, and confusion. On the other hand, strong cultures also can lead organizations to a "success breeds success" situation in which a unique market niche and "brand identity" become associated with the organization because of its strong culture. Many other examples of cultural forms could be given. What would you do to handle the situation? Ninety-five percent of the soldiers, wounded in World War II, who were treated with penicillin recovered. Cover the bowl very tightly with a sheet of plastic wrap and poke a few very small holes in the wrap with a fork. Once an organization's culture is formed, tremendous pressure exists for it to persist. (v) Briefly describe the importance of laws. Organizations are rarely characterized by single cultures (Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983); instead, subcultures are pervasive and have important effects in most organizations (Gregory, 1983; Barley and Louis, 1983). The important practical question for managers is to manage subcultures so that their values and goals are congruent with those of the overall culture. (v) What kind of freight costs prevails in India? Just when you reach for the delicious piece of fruit on your counter, you see something that makes you much less hungry: a swarm of fruit flies! Feelings through which culture is likely to affect performance include identification, loyalty, and commitment. It further highlights the factors that account for a citizen’s conformity to the laws of the land and it also describes the hierarchy of law-enforcing agencies. (i) What, according to Laxman, is the challenge in creating a good cartoon? Interview data on the types of socialization experiences that new graduates of business schools found most helpful in their initial jobs concluded that the most important aids to socialization were interactions with peers, supervisors, and coworkers (Louis et al., 1983). That lights lives too. Any discussion of what is known about organizational cultures must depend heavily on theory to fill in the gaps and connect empirical results from one study to another. Similarly, because of the different disciplinary perspectives on culture research (e.g., organizations have cultures versus organizations are cultures), there is no consensus about whether any influence cultures have on organizational performance can be assessed. Answer: It is breakfast time. O'Reilly (1989) suggested that employees committed to an organization. 1. This will help you correct your answers or rephrase your sentences, if necessary. The fourth cultural shift is to a market-focused culture—a focus on competitiveness, achieving results, aggressiveness in customer relations, elaboration of structure, and an emphasis on external interactions. To successfully manage their cultures, managers need to assume the role of cultural leader. The IFC and other aid outfits are running a scheme to verify manufacturers claims. The former approach—that cultures are properties of organizations—assumes that researchers and managers can identify differences among organizational cultures, can empirically measure cultures and performance separately, and thus can assess the impacts of cultures on performance. Cadet companies are indeed fertile ground for subculture formation, because members interact more with each other than with anyone else, share powerful common experiences, and have many similar personal characteristics. Although few studies have tried to look at more than one type of culture at a time, all of the cultures to which organization members belong have the potential to affect their work performance. Each organization, it was suggested, could develop a distinctive culture with the enlightened guidance of management. Employees and management ate together in a communal cafeteria; there were no reserved parking places; offices were open. In May of 1994 its Geo Prizm won the highest quality score ever attained by a U.S.-made vehicle. “I like doing a little job of this sort.”, (a) Give the meaning of each of the following words as used in the passage. Because cultures develop in work organizations, just as they do in other groups in societies, cultural processes underlie much of what happens in organizations. For instruction, children are then grouped by their learning level, not grade. (iii) Draw a contrast between the personalities of Lee and Hooker. Most cartoonists come from art colleges, while some learn the craft on their own. Aluminium foil typically has a highly reflective side and a more matte side. As the senior class, backs leaning against the boundary wall, learns geometrical shapes, a different scene is playing out right behind. If the youth of India are not properly educated and if there are not enough jobs created, India will have forever lost its opportunity. Some studies suggest that repeated exposure to high nicotine smoke related to the ‘Brain wiring’ is nothing but neuro-bio-chemistry that deals with complex interaction among genetic experience and bio-chemistry of brain cells. The extensive use of aluminium foil has been criticized by some environmentalists because of the high resource cost of extracting aluminium, primarily as a result of the large amount of electricity used to decompose bauxite. Read: Now that you’ve prepared, go ahead and read the selection. Two were very basic: (1) the new union contract that embodied new levels of union-management trust and cooperation and (2) the production process itself, which embodied the highly successful Japanese way of producing cars. Focus attention toward some problems and away from others. The first is the collapsing cost of solar power. He examined everything under the microscope food, clothes and leather on which moulds had been formed. Why? (i) Evaluated (ii) Comprehend (iii) Implemented. Each of these forms of cultural management may be occurring at the same time in different parts of the organization. I’d crawl through the day and pray each night that the rain would not be there the next day. Robert Lee, the Commander of the Confederate Army, was an older man in poor health with a gray beard, and somber, measured demeanor. The whole of sub-Saharan Africa, with a population of 910 m, consume only 145 tera-watt hours of electricity a year, less than the 4.8 m people who live in the state of Alabama. The fourth step involved identifying specifically what was to be done, operationalizing the change agenda developed in the previous three. Also look at any bold-faced terms and make sure you understand them before you read. This example illustrates how subcultures can have positive and negative impacts on intended organizational cultures and performance. As is the case with all metallic items, aluminium foil reacts to being microwaved. As you can see, what might start out as a small fruit fly problem can become very large very quickly. One day, by chance, they hit upon the right combination of solution and temperature for their mould. For example, determining the relationship between culture and performance requires researchers to control for and thus measure other factors likely to affect performance. (ii) According to the passage, which group of people is of the opinion that one cannot learn to make a cartoon in institutions? Almost everyone is now taking drugs for one reason or another. Reassure members that something is being done about problems. Unseen Passage: Reading Comprehension (also known as Critical Reading) tests your ability to understand a passage and answer questions on the basis of what is stated and implied through the passage. (i) Compels (ii) Violence (iii) Restrained Answer: (i) To force somebody to do something. Ulhas Mandlik, 35, a power-loom owner from Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, and his mother were homeward-bound one evening when heavy rain forced them to take shelter beneath a bridge. (iii) What does the invisible gas of cigarette smoke contain? Millions of lives all over the world have been saved by the use of penicillin. ", "You don't have to make people do things your way to get performance.". (ii) The police is responsible for protecting privileges of all citizens, check violent activities that prevail within the society and ensure peace among citizens by safeguarding one’s own individual rights. As a result of his over confidence, indisciplined behaviour, Hooker failed to prepare his soldiers for battle, and lost. At last, Uncle Podger would get the spot fixed again and put the point of the nail on it with his left hand and take the hammer in his right hand. However, we must not forget that the need to maintain law and order also arises in normal times. Airline travel to Dubai dropped 70% in 2020. Children are taught Hindi, English and Mathematics and given tips on health and hygiene twice a week. The basic issue is: When assessing culture via questionnaires, interviews, documents, is one really measuring superficial characteristics of an organization—namely organizational climate—rather than in-depth cultural values? Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: The Battle of Chancellorsville was one of the most famous battles fought during the turbulent years of the American Civil War. Don’t you worry yourselves about that. (iii) Who honoured Fleming and when? move of this sort presents a fortuitous opportunity. We suffered through months of school and miserable weather for those scant ten weeks of freedom and balmy weather. Dissolve social identities and their power. To identify all of the consequences for performance of any culture, we need to consider, as comprehensively as possible, the pathways by which cultures shape people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In effect, Hooker had cut off the Confederate soldiers in front and behind. (i) What does the force or law help in? Records posted in work team areas signified management's willingness to share information and the teams' responsibilities for finding ways to improve performance. It was Fleming’s alertness, curiosity and keen observation that led him to this great discovery. When they manage to instill somewhat different ideas and values in their own units, they may be contributing to external adaptation by helping the organization to satisfy multiple, competing demands. This contrasts with the existing practice of teaching a prescribed curriculum to students of a given age, irrespective of their ability to comprehend it. Thus, their approach addresses cultural leadership at the subcultural level as well as at the overall cultural level. One word answers or short phrases will be accepted. nations. For God achieved what the … They carried out several experiments with the mould in solution. Enable organizations to take some credit for individual accomplishments. He developed a symbol of pride in the organization—blue flight jackets. They call it the Mobile Learning Center or school-on-wheels. (iv) What are the effects that chain smoking may lead to? How can we master the rib-tickling strokes and the witty one-liners? There is still considerable controversy over whether it is misleading or helpful to look at organizations as having organization-wide cultures as well as subcultures (Martin, 1992; Meyerson, 1991; Schein, 1991; Trice, 1991). Buoyed by his superior numbers, Hooker covertly moved 70,000 of his men fifteen miles up and across the river, and then ordered them to sneak back down to position themselves behind Lee’s army. Thanks to the total barrier properties of aluminium foil. There are few colleges or schools for cartoonists. (i) What is the aim of launching mobile learning centers? The Inspector General of Police, who heads the police force in a state, carries out the orders issued by the Home Ministry. Other researchers have also emphasized the active role that individuals play in their own socialization. Luckily, there is also a completely safe way for you to get rid of fruit flies in your house. Prisoners can also be assigned to different types of prisons and different settings within the prison. Answer: (i) Monotonous (ii) Ennui (iii) Torture. He was given one or two injections of penicillin and he gradually began to recover. Prior to 1949, Australians could only hold the status of British subjects. Of the many cultural rites that probably occur in organizations, three have been documented: rites of creation (Turner, 1990), rites of transition (Deal and Kennedy, 1982), and rites of parting (Harris and Sutton, 1986). One just has to look at the impact that the baby boomers in the US had over decades of economic activity, as measured by equity and housing prices. Such a change is fearsome and disruptive, so organizational cultures tend to be very difficult to change. simplistic to match the known complexities of organizational life. The fifth step involved implementing the newly developed culture change agenda by executing a model for managing change (e.g., Cameron and Ulrich, 1989; Galbraith and Lawler, 1993). The socialization tactics that organizations employ with new members can be classified along several dimensions (Van Maanen and Schein, 1979). Step 3. Research findings on each of these levers provide evidence supporting their effects on performance. These are usually reserved for roles that require autonomy and individual initiative. There is also a spontaneous and indigenous side to cultures. While several states are experimenting with innovative programmes aimed at improving learning, few have been tested rigorously for impact and scalability in a government-run primary 15 school system. The country has no choice but to dramatically industrialize and inflate its domestic economy. A central issue is whether a quantitative approach to culture assessment is valid, or whether an in-depth, qualitative or holistic approach is the only way to detect and describe culture. Researchers have focused on national cultures (Williams, 1970; Hofstede, 1980; Bellah et al., 1985), industry-wide cultures (Abrahamson and Fombrun, 1994; Browning et al., 1995), occupational cultures (Van Maanen, 1973, 1975; Barley, 1983, 1986; Trice and Sonnenstuhl, 1988; Trice, 1993), managerial cultures in general (Bendix, 1956; Sutton et al., 1956; Chatov, 1973), organizational cultures (Rohlen, 1974; Biggart, 1977; Denison, 1990; Kunda, 1991; Martin et al., 1985), and work group cultures (Roy, 1960; Zald and Berger, 1978; Brown, 1983). The appearance of these volumes and the competitive threat posed by Japanese organizations that was evident at that time awakened substantial interest in the cultures of work organizations within the management community. The current state of knowledge, however, is sufficient to be able to specify likely pathways through which cultures affect individual and collective work performance and to identify levers that can be used by managers and others to enhance such performance. Underline topic sentences and key facts. It is beginning to establish a reputation not just as the technology nerve-centre and back office to the world, but also as its production centre. A friend of theirs had been suffering from a serious disease for several years. Many drugs had been tried, but had produced no effect. ... and a passage name to send the player to. In other words, mismatches may create conditions in which culture change is necessary for the organization to survive. Assignment-1 The worst days of any summer are the rainy ones. A number of mice were inoculated with certain powerful disease germs. Based on his observations as a researcher and consultant, Schein conceives of cultural leadership as emanating especially from the founders of organizations, whom he sees as imposing their cultural assumptions on the initial group of employees. Little wonder then, that the first thing most of us like to see when we pick up a newspaper is the cartoon. Some subcultures are supportive or even enhancing of the overall culture; some pursue values that are orthogonal to the culture (the physical fitness enthusiasts), whereas other groups seem to be countercultural in the sense that they enact values (by hazing) that are contrary to those prescribed by current policy. (b) Answer the following questions briefly, in your own words. Theory suggests that cultures have leverage points—social mechanisms. One word answers or short phrases will be accepted. But lamps are needed at night, and solar power is collected in the daytime. The programme was implemented by trained government teachers during school hours, while block and cluster-level education officials monitored implementations and providing ongoing academic support to teachers. As illustrated in the table, these dimensions produce quadrants that have been found to represent much more than value orientations. At the end of their sophomore year, cadets are assigned to different companies from those to which they were assigned during their first two years. Also, individual performance does not always translate into organizational performance. (i) What is the major cause of mortality as stated in the passage? Indoor fumes cause 600,000 preventable deaths a year in Africa alone. Most basic is that culture is a collective phenomenon. A further 2.5 billion are “underelectrified”, in development parlance: although connected to the grid, they can get only unreliable, scanty power. "One can understand something in-depth only if one has experienced it" is an underlying philosophy represented by this approach. Realizing they would read more into what he did than what he said, he then promoted his philosophy by walking around and talking to people throughout the plant. (iii) What are the three major revolutions that have made electricity accessible to all? The new site provided a vehicle for altering cultural forms as well, such as a new dress code for the suburbs, a new arrangement for lunches and breaks, and so forth. Defend group boundaries by redefining who belongs and who doesn't. One reason identifying such mediating factors is difficult is because it is not clear what is not affected by culture. Communication plays an important role in the socialization process. (i) Plaguing (ii) Perennial (iii) Putrefied. The 10th edition of the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) by Pratham, released last week, shows that over the last decade, basic learning levels for children in elementary school in India have remained low. Now you go and get me my hammer. Because cultures channel behaviors in some ways and not others, they are bound to affect individual and organizational performance. Reading comprehension implies understanding the meaning of a given article or a short passage. The definition of narrative is a piece of writing that tells a story, and it is one of four classical rhetorical modes or ways that writers use to present information.
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